A General and Highly Versatile Heterogeneous Pd-Catalyzed Oxidative Aminocarbonylation of Alkynes with Aromatic and...

An efficient heterogeneous catalytic system for the oxidative aminocarbonylation of alkynes and amines in the presence of CO/O₂ to afford substituted propiolamides has been developed. The active nanocatalyst, [Pd/Mg₃Al-LDH]-300(D), is composed by Pd nanoaggregates (2-3 nm average particle size) stabilized over a partially dehydrated [Mg₃Al-LDH] matrix. The methodology has resulted widely applicable, being the first catalytic system, either homogeneous or heterogeneous, able to activate not only aliphatic amines but also poorly-nucleophilic aromatic amines. In fact, >60 substituted propiolamides have been synthesized in good to excellent isolated yields through this methodology, being 27 novel compounds. An important characterization effort (XRD, ²⁷Al MAS NMR, TGA, TPD-CO₂, BET area, XPS, HAADF-HRSTEM and HRTEM) and optimization of the synthesis conditions of the optimal catalyst has been performed. This study, together with a series of kinetic and mechanistic essays, indicates that the optimal catalyst is composed by Pd(0) species stabilized in a partially dehydrated/dehydroxylated LDH material with a Mg/Al molar ratio of 3 and a small crystallite size. All the experimental data indicates that the in situ formation of [PdI₂] active species in the material surface together with the presence of a matrix with the optimal acid/base properties are key aspects of this process.