Biochar-based functional materials for the abatement of emerging pollutants from aquatic matrices

Biochar has emerged as a versatile and efficient multi-functional material, serving as both an adsorbent and catalyst in removing emerging pollutants (EPs) from aquatic matrices. However, pristine biochar's catalytic and adsorption capabilities are hindered by its poor surface functionality and small pore size. Addressing these limitations involves the development of functionalized biochar, a strategic approach aimed at enhancing its physicochemical properties and improving adsorption and catalytic efficiencies. Despite a growing interest in this field, there is a notable gap in existing literature, with no review explicitly concentrating on the efficacy of biochar-based functional materials (BCFMs) for removing EPs in aquatic environments. This comprehensive review aims to fill this void by delving into the engineering considerations essential for designing BCFMs with enhanced physiochemical properties. The focus extends to understanding the treatment efficiency of EPs through mechanisms such as adsorption or catalytic degradation. The review systematically outlines the underlying mechanisms involved in the adsorption and catalytic degradation of EPs by BCFMs. By shedding light on the prospects of BCFMs as a promising multi-functional material, the review underscores the imperative for sustained research efforts. It emphasizes the need for continued exploration into the practical implications of BCFMs, especially under environmentally relevant pollutant concentrations. This holistic approach seeks to contribute to advancing knowledge and applying biochar-based solutions in addressing the challenges posed by emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.