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Related Concept Videos

Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
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IFN-β induces greater antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects and increased p53 signaling compared with IFN-α in PBMCs of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma patients.

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High HTLV-1 proviral load, a marker for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, is also detected in patients with infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
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Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1, an underdiagnosed disease.

A L Bittencourt1, L Farre2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Prof. Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
|May 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Infective dermatitis (IDH) linked to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a severe childhood eczema. Early detection and prevention of HTLV-1 transmission are crucial due to associated severe diseases.

Keywords:
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphomaHTLV-1, Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesisScabiesVertical transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Dermatology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (IDH) is a severe, chronic eczema primarily affecting children in low-socioeconomic regions like Jamaica and Brazil.
  • IDH is consistently linked to persistent Staphylococcus aureus or beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infections.
  • Patients with IDH face increased risks of severe HTLV-1-associated conditions, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the severe manifestations and associations of HTLV-1 infection, particularly IDH.
  • To emphasize the critical need for preventing HTLV-1 transmission, especially vertical transmission.
  • To recommend proactive screening for HTLV-1 in patients with chronic eczema in endemic areas.

Main Methods:

  • Observational analysis of clinical data from patients with IDH.
  • Review of epidemiological data concerning HTLV-1 prevalence and associated diseases in Brazil.
  • Literature review on HTLV-1 infection, IDH, HAM/TSP, and ATL.

Main Results:

  • In Brazil, 54% of IDH patients presented with juvenile HAM/TSP, with an estimated 3% incidence of adult HAM/TSP.
  • IDH is invariably associated with refractory bacterial skin and nasal infections.
  • No curative treatments exist for HTLV-1 infection or its major associated diseases.

Conclusions:

  • HTLV-1 infection, particularly through vertical transmission, is a primary driver of IDH and early-onset neurological and oncological conditions.
  • Urgent public health interventions are required to curb HTLV-1 transmission.
  • Screening for HTLV-1 in individuals with chronic eczema, including adults, is recommended in endemic regions.