Early Exposure to Orthopaedic Surgery

Disparities in early orthopaedic experiences among medical students prompt a critical examination of factors influencing the availability and nature of these exposures. While the current body of literature underscores the significance of early surgical exposure and mentorship in medical education, a notable gap exists in investigating early orthopaedic exposure and its specific impact on students from diverse backgrounds.

A 16-item questionnaire, approved by our institutional review board, was administered to fourth-year medical students (MS4) and first-year orthopaedic residents (PGY-1) across U.S. orthopaedic surgery programs during the 2022-2023 application cycle. The questionnaire assessed participants' initial orthopaedic exposures and factors influencing interest in the field. Two-proportion Z-test analyses were conducted to analyze the data, and thematic analysis was used to assess qualitative data involving free-response questions.

Out of 72 total respondents, the study revealed that 83% of respondents encountered orthopaedics before medical school, with initial exposures stemming from various sources such as familial connections (28%), athletics (17%), and high school or college exposures (15%), including shadowing, athletics participation, and occupation-related exposure. Disparities were observed in the availability of orthopaedic mentors and early exposure opportunities between demographic groups. Statistical analyses highlighted significant differences in access to mentors who reflected students' identities between male and non-male participants (70% vs. 39%, p=0.02) and between white and non-white participants (69% vs. 36%, p=0.02). White participants were also more likely to first interact with a surgeon who treated them or their family members than non-white participants (35% vs 7%, p=0.04). Non-white participants were more likely than white participants to come by their first orthopaedic opportunity by searching for it independently (21% vs. 4%, p=0.03). Family and friend connections in orthopaedics were found to be influential in motivating students to pursue orthopaedics, with 40% of respondents indicating personal connections in medicine and 12% reporting family members who are orthopaedic surgeons. Research experiences were identified as important contributors to students' initial interest and motivation to ultimately pursue orthopaedics, especially those with diverse backgrounds.

The findings underscore the importance of early orthopaedic exposures in shaping students' interest in the field, highlighting the need for more immersive pre-clinical year opportunities and enhanced mentorship programs. Addressing disparities in mentorship access and early exposure opportunities requires systemic changes and increased support for underrepresented minorities in orthopaedics. Initiatives like mentorship programs and research opportunities can help bridge gaps in access to early orthopaedic experiences. Medical schools should prioritise targeted early access to orthopaedic exposures for all students, regardless of background. This initiative aims to promote inclusivity and cultivate a more diverse orthopaedic workforce capable of meeting the evolving healthcare needs of society.