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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Global and Current Research Trends of Single-Cell Sequencing in Cancer: A Bibliometric and Visualization Study
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Hidden citations obscure true impact in science.

Xiangyi Meng1,2, Onur Varol1,3, Albert-László Barabási1,4,5

  • 1Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

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|May 8, 2024
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Summary

Hidden citations, where discoveries are credited in text but not by reference, are more common than citation counts for influential research. This suggests bibliometric measures may underestimate true scientific impact.

Keywords:
catchphrasefoundational paperhidden citationlatent Dirichlet allocationscience of science

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Area of Science:

  • Bibliometrics
  • Scientometrics
  • Information Science

Background:

  • Citations are standard measures of scientific impact but can be obscured when discoveries become common knowledge.
  • This phenomenon, termed 'obliteration by incorporation,' leads to hidden citations without formal references.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically identify and quantify hidden citations using machine learning.
  • To investigate the relationship between hidden citations, citation counts, and topic discourse within scientific texts.

Main Methods:

  • Applied unsupervised interpretable machine learning to the full text of scientific papers.
  • Developed methods to detect textual credit to discoveries lacking formal references.

Main Results:

  • Influential discoveries exhibit more hidden citations than traditional citation counts.
  • Hidden citations are prevalent across disciplines and publishing venues.
  • The frequency of hidden citations correlates with the degree of topic discourse, not citation counts.

Conclusions:

  • Bibliometric measures provide a limited view of a discovery's true impact.
  • Extracting knowledge from full scientific texts is crucial for accurate impact assessment.
  • Hidden citations highlight the need for advanced analytical methods beyond traditional citation analysis.