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    Titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) particles influence inflammatory responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Ti materials induced higher inflammatory cytokine levels compared to Zr, indicating distinct biological interactions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) are widely used dental and orthopedic implant materials.
    • Understanding their inflammatory potential is crucial for clinical success.
    • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are key players in the immune response to biomaterials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the inflammatory responses of PBMCs cultured on Ti and Zr discs.
    • To evaluate the effect of Ti and Zr particles on PBMC inflammatory reactions.
    • To investigate the combined effect of material surface and particle presence on cellular responses.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of Ti and Zr discs (2 mm height, 5 mm diameter).
    • Culture of PBMCs on Ti or Zr discs with added Ti (<20 µm) or Zr (0.1–0.2 mm) particles.
    • Measurement of inflammatory cytokines using Bio-Plex assay.
    • Microscopic analysis of cell attachment and morphology.

    Main Results:

    • PBMCs exhibited higher inflammatory responses on Ti surfaces compared to Zr surfaces.
    • Ti particles induced higher cytokine levels than Zr particles in cell cultures without discs.
    • Significantly increased levels of MCP-1, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were observed with Ti particles on Ti discs.
    • Zirconia particles led to higher release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reduced cell death compared to Ti particles.

    Conclusions:

    • Biomaterial surface type and particle presence significantly modulate PBMC inflammatory responses.
    • Ti discs and Ti particles together elicited a stronger inflammatory cytokine response than Zr counterparts.
    • Zr materials may offer a less inflammatory profile compared to Ti in certain in vitro conditions.