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Updated: Jun 18, 2026
Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
Published on: January 29, 2020
"Analysis of Macular Pigment Optical Density in Childhood: A Systematic Review"
Víctor Ponce-García1, María-José Bautista-Llamas1, Marta-C García-Romera1
1Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. Vision Research Group (CIVIUS), University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
Purpose:
This systematic review studies the relationship between Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) values and cognitive and visual function in childhood.
Methods:
It included cross-sectional, observational studies or controlled clinical trials in humans between 0 and 18 years of age, analyzing MPOD values in 3 main databases: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement recommendations.
Results:
Thirteen studies were included in this systematic review. The relationship of cognitive function, visual function and diverse variables with MPOD was analyzed in 4, 4 and 5 studies, respectively. The age of the participants ranged between premature infants to 12 years. Most of the studies used Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry (HFP) with macular densitometer to obtain MPOD values. MPOD values ranged between 0 (undetectable) to 0.66 ± 0.03 d.u. Only 4 articles studied the relationship between MPOD values and dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin using questionnaires about diet.
Conclusions:
Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulation plays an important role during the maturational stage and childhood development. Although cognitive function is more strongly correlated with MPOD values, the relationship with visual function remains unclear, and further studies are required to support this relationship.
