Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Full-Length Next-Generation Sequencing of 11 HLA Loci of More Than 1000 Individuals From Clinical Cohorts in East and West Africa.

HLA·2026

Same author

Genomic epidemiology and evolutionary analysis of Lassa virus from small mammals suggest bidirectional viral movement across humans and animals.

Virus evolution·2026

Same author

Endothelial glycocalyx perturbation in obstructive sleep apnea is associated with repetitive hypoxemia and immunothrombotic endothelial dysfunction.

Journal of translational medicine·2026

Same author

Food Insecurity and Cognitive Performance Among Young People Living With and Without HIV: A Study Across Four African Countries.

AIDS and behavior·2026

Same author

Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus co-infection among people living with HIV in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Long-read deep sequencing reveals high rates of multilineage transmission and rapid viral population changes in acute HIV infection.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Sub1 contributes to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction driven by aging in mice.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

The BRCA1-A complex restricts replication fork reversal-dependent DNA repair in ATM deficient cells.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Signaling downstream of tumor-stroma interaction regulates mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma apicobasal polarity.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Click-polymerized polyenamine membranes for efficient lithium extraction.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Joint trajectories of brain atrophy, white matter hyperintensities and cognition quantify brain maintenance.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Proton shuttling at electrochemical interfaces under alkaline hydrogen evolution.

Nature communications·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Contemporary HIV-1 consensus Env with AI-assisted redesigned hypervariable loops promote antibody binding.

Hongjun Bai^1,2, Eric Lewitus^1,2, Yifan Li^1,2

¹U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.

Nature Communications

|May 9, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine requires eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Researchers redesigned HIV Envelope (Env) hypervariable loops to enhance bnAb sensitivity, improving Env accessibility for potential vaccine strategies.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Structural Biology

Background:

An effective HIV-1 vaccine needs broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting diverse Envelope glycoproteins (Env).
Longer hypervariable (HV) loops in Env increase resistance to bnAbs.
Consensus sequences for HIV-1 subtypes B, C, and CRF01_AE represent circulating strains.

Purpose of the Study:

To redesign HIV-1 Env hypervariable loops to increase sensitivity to bnAbs.
To maintain Env structural integrity and glycan shield during HV loop modification.
To assess the impact of HV loop redesign on Env conformation, binding, and neutralization sensitivity.

Main Methods:

Utilized AlphaFold2 modeling to guide the reduction of V1, V2, and V5 HV loop lengths.
Modified the V4 HV loop and introduced spacers to limit strain-specific targeting.
Generated infectious pseudoviruses with modified Env, analyzed structure, performed binding and neutralization assays.

Main Results:

Modified Env pseudoviruses maintained structural integrity and infectivity.
Binding assays showed enhanced binding to modified subtype B and CRF01_AE Env, but not subtype C.
Neutralization assays demonstrated increased sensitivity to bnAbs, notably rendering resistant CRF01_AE Env sensitive to 10-1074.

Conclusions:

Redesigning HIV-1 Env HV loops can enhance sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies.
This strategy offers a potential avenue for developing more effective HIV-1 vaccines.
HV loop modification can overcome specific resistance mechanisms, even in the absence of key glycans.