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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

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Genie: the first open-source ISO/IEC encoder for genomic data.

Fabian Müntefering1, Yeremia Gunawan Adhisantoso2, Shubham Chandak3

  • 1Institut für Informationsverarbeitung (TNT), Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, Hannover, 30167, Germany. muenteferi@tnt.uni-hannover.de.

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|May 9, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genie is the first open-source encoder for MPEG-G standard genomic data compression. It achieves state-of-the-art compression ratios, ensuring interoperability and long-term data sustainability.

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Area of Science:

  • Bioinformatics
  • Data Compression
  • Genomic Data Analysis

Background:

  • Genomic data production has rapidly increased over the last two decades.
  • The MPEG-G standard (ISO/IEC) was released in 2019 to address efficient genomic data handling.
  • Lack of open-source implementations hinders the standard's scientific assessment and adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce Genie, the first open-source encoder for the MPEG-G standard.
  • Demonstrate Genie's capability in compressing genomic data efficiently and interoperably.
  • Promote broader adoption of the MPEG-G standard through an accessible implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of Genie as an open-source MPEG-G compliant encoder.
  • Evaluation of Genie's compression ratios against existing methods.
  • Testing of interoperability with standard-compliant decoders.

Main Results:

  • Genie achieves state-of-the-art compression ratios for genomic data.
  • Genie ensures interoperability with any manufacturer-independent, standard-compliant decoder.
  • The ISO/IEC ecosystem guarantees long-term data sustainability and decodability via a reference decoder.

Conclusions:

  • Genie provides a crucial open-source tool for MPEG-G standard implementation.
  • The availability of Genie facilitates scientific validation and adoption of MPEG-G.
  • Genie contributes to efficient and interoperable management of growing genomic datasets.