Mass scale synthesis of graphene nanosheets using waste cardboard for application in perovskite solar cells and supercapacitors

Advanced graphene-based materials have been proficiently incorporated into next-generation solar cells and supercapacitors because of their high electrical conductivity, large surface area, excellent charge-transport ability, and exceptional optical properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of graphene nanosheets (GNs) from waste cardboard via pyrolysis, with ethyl alcohol as the growth initiator. Additionally, we demonstrated the use of GNs in energy conversion and storage applications. Using the GN electrode in perovskite solar cells resulted in an excellent power conversion efficiency of ∼10.41 % for an active area of 1 cm2, indicating an enhancement of approximately 27 % compared to conventional electrodes. Furthermore, the GNs were used as active electrode materials in supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance and a high gravimetric specific capacitance of 167.5 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. The developed GNs can be efficiently used for energy storage, conversion, and electrochemical sensing applications.