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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The liquid-liquid phase separation in programmed cell death.

Leijing Yin1, Ludong Yuan1, Jing Li1

  • 1Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, PR China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China.

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Summary

Liquid-liquid phase separation drives the formation of cellular condensates. This review explores how this process regulates cell death pathways and influences cell fate, offering insights into disease treatment.

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ApoptosisAutophagyFerroptosisLiquid-liquid phase separationProgrammed cell deathPyroptosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a physical process driving the formation of membrane-free organelles.
  • LLPS regulates diverse cellular processes through the formation of biomolecular condensates.
  • Cell death mechanisms are critical for cellular homeostasis and are increasingly linked to LLPS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of LLPS in various cell death pathways.
  • To explore the regulation of cell fate by LLPS.
  • To provide insights into treating diseases related to regulated cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on LLPS and cell death.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which LLPS influences cell death pathways.
  • Synthesis of findings on LLPS-mediated regulation of cell fate.

Main Results:

  • LLPS plays a significant role in multiple cell death pathways.
  • Biomolecular condensates formed by LLPS are involved in regulating cell death.
  • LLPS influences cellular responses to stress and contributes to cell fate determination.

Conclusions:

  • LLPS is a key regulator of cell death and cell fate.
  • Understanding LLPS mechanisms offers potential therapeutic strategies for diseases involving regulated cell death.
  • Further research into LLPS in cell death is warranted.