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Endotoxin tolerance and trained immunity: breaking down immunological memory barriers.

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Innate immune cells show surprising memory-like functions. This review explores endotoxin tolerance (ET) and trained immunity (TI), examining their distinct roles and shared mechanisms in immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Innate immune cells were historically viewed as lacking adaptive memory.
  • Emerging research reveals complex functions beyond immediate inflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare endotoxin tolerance (ET) and trained immunity (TI).
  • To investigate the similarities, differences, and underlying mechanisms of ET and TI.
  • To identify key questions for future research in innate immune memory.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on innate immunity, ET, and TI.
  • Comparative analysis of functional outcomes and molecular pathways.
  • Synthesis of current understanding and identification of knowledge gaps.

Main Results:

  • Endotoxin tolerance (ET) confers hypo-responsiveness to subsequent stimuli.
  • Trained immunity (TI) results in an enhanced innate immune response after initial priming.
  • Both ET and TI involve epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells.

Conclusions:

  • ET and TI represent distinct forms of innate immune memory with protective roles.
  • Shared molecular mechanisms suggest a continuum of innate immune adaptation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the interplay and therapeutic potential of ET and TI.