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Hair Cells

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

Published on: June 15, 2018

Changes in hearing function and intracochlear morphology after electrode array insertion in minipigs.

Haiqiao Du^1,2,3,4,5, Jianan Li^1,2,3,4,5, Zhifeng Chen^1,2,3,4,5,6

¹Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.

Acta Oto-Laryngologica

|May 14, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cochlear electrode insertion significantly impacts hearing and causes intracochlear fibrosis and endolymphatic hydrops. These changes did not affect spiral ganglion neurons within four weeks post-surgery.

Keywords:

Electrode array insertion cochlear implant foreign body response minipig

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

Published on: June 15, 2018

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research

Published on: July 28, 2022

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography ECoG Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography ECoG Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Published on: March 31, 2023

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Neuroscience
Biomaterials science

Background:

Foreign body response is observed in temporal bones of long-term cochlear implant users.
The progression of cochlear fibrosis and its impact on hearing post-implantation remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate short-term changes in hearing and cochlear histopathology following electrode array insertion in minipigs.
To understand the dynamic effects of cochlear implantation on auditory function and the inner ear environment.

Main Methods:

Twelve minipigs underwent electrode array insertion (EAI); a control group was used for comparison.
Hearing tests were conducted preoperatively and at 0, 7, 14, and 28 days postoperatively.
Cochlear histopathology was assessed at 7, 14, and 28 days after surgery.

Main Results:

Electrode array insertion significantly affected hearing across the 1 kHz-20 kHz frequency range.
Exudation was observed one week post-insertion, with fibrous sheath formation by four weeks.
Endolymphatic hydrops were consistently found, but spiral ganglion neuron morphology and density remained unchanged.

Conclusions:

Electrode array insertion significantly impacts hearing and leads to intracochlear fibrosis.
Fibrosis and endolymphatic hydrops did not correlate with hearing loss severity.
Spiral ganglion neuron integrity was preserved at four weeks post-surgery, suggesting potential for neural preservation.