Comparison between supervised and physics-informed unsupervised deep neural networks for estimating cerebral...

This study aimed to implement a physics-informed unsupervised deep neural network (DNN) to estimate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial transit time (ATT) from multi-delay arterial spin labeling (ASL), and compare its performance with that of a supervised DNN and the conventional method. Supervised and unsupervised DNNs were trained using simulation data. The accuracy and noise immunity of the three methods were compared using simulations and in vivo data. The simulation study investigated the differences between the predicted and ground-truth values and their variations with the noise level. The in vivo study evaluated the predicted values from the original images and noise-induced variations in the predicted values from the synthesized noisy images by adding Rician noise to the original images. The simulation study showed that CBF estimated using the supervised DNN was not biased by noise, whereas that estimated using other methods had a positive bias. Although the ATT with all methods exhibited a similar behavior with noise increase, the ATT with the supervised DNN was less biased. The in vivo study showed that CBF and ATT with the supervised DNN were the most accurate and that the supervised and unsupervised DNNs had the highest noise immunity in CBF and ATT estimations, respectively. Physics-informed unsupervised learning can estimate CBF and ATT from multi-delay ASL signals, and its performance is superior to that of the conventional method. Although noise immunity in ATT estimation was superior with unsupervised learning, other performances were superior with supervised learning.