Deep CO₂ release and the carbon budget of the central Apennines modulated by geodynamics

Recent studies increasingly recognize the importance of critical-zone weathering during mountain building for long-term CO₂ drawdown and release. However, the focus on near-surface weathering reactions commonly does not account for CO₂ emissions from the crust, which could outstrip CO₂ drawdown where carbonates melt and decarbonize during subduction and metamorphism. We analyse water chemistry from streams in Italy's central Apennines that cross a gradient in heat flow and crustal thickness with relatively constant climatic conditions. We quantify the balance of inorganic carbon fluxes from near-surface weathering processes, metamorphism and the melting of carbonates. We find that, at the regional scale, carbon emissions from crustal sources outpace near-surface fluxes by two orders of magnitude above a tear in the subducting slab characterized by heat flow greater than 150 mW m^-2 and crustal thickness of less than 25 km. By contrast, weathering processes dominate the carbon budget where crustal thickness exceeds 40 km and heat flow is lower than 30 mW m^-2. The observed variation in metamorphic fluxes is one to two orders of magnitude larger than that of weathering fluxes. We therefore suggest that geodynamic modulations of metamorphic melting and decarbonation reactions are an efficient process by which tectonics can regulate the inorganic carbon cycle.