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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

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Mapping Thyroid Hormone Action in the Human Brain.

Federico Salas-Lucia1

  • 1Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|May 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for brain development and function. Neuroimaging and brain organoid studies reveal how TH impacts brain structure, activity, and development across the lifespan, offering insights into thyroid disorders.

Keywords:
MRIbrain developmentbrain organoidscongenital hypothyroidismresistance to thyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal brain development, mood, and cognitive functions.
  • Understanding TH's role in the human brain is limited by access to relevant biological samples.
  • Neuroimaging and human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived brain organoids offer novel approaches to study TH's impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neuroimaging and brain organoid studies on thyroid hormone's action in the human brain.
  • To elucidate how thyroid status affects brain development and function throughout life.
  • To explore the utility of brain organoids in understanding early brain development and potential therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroimaging studies (MRI, MRS) in individuals with various thyroid conditions.
  • Analysis of studies using hiPSC-derived brain organoids to model early human brain development.
  • Integration of findings on developmental alterations and neurological outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Suboptimal thyroid status impacts brain volume, myelination, blood flow, neural activity, and connectivity across all life stages.
  • TH is critical for human neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in developing brain organoids.
  • Developmental alterations in children with congenital hypothyroidism affect multiple brain regions and pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone significantly influences human brain development and function, with implications from fetal life through aging.
  • Brain organoids provide valuable insights into TH's role in early cortical development and serve as models for drug screening.
  • Altered thyroid status is linked to functional brain changes and neurological outcomes, highlighting the importance of TH homeostasis.