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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

357
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
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Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
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Identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in multilingual children: A case study tutorial.

Saboor Hamdani1,2, Angel Chan1,2,3, Rachel Kan1

  • 1Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.

International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
|May 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in multilingual children is challenging. This study shows that using Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) assessments via telepractice can effectively identify DLD in these children.

Keywords:
CATALISELITMUS batteryUrdudevelopmental language disordermultilingual ethnic minority childrentelepractice

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Area of Science:

  • Speech and Language Pathology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Accurate identification of developmental language disorder (DLD) in multilingual children is hindered by challenges in distinguishing language experience from genuine impairment.
  • Clinicians often face a lack of suitable norm-referenced assessments for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
  • Telepractice offers a potential solution for remote assessment and data collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of identifying DLD in a multilingual child using established diagnostic criteria and specialized assessment tools.
  • To showcase the utility of telepractice in conducting language assessments for multilingual children.
  • To provide a model for identifying DLD in children from ethnic minority backgrounds with limited language resources.

Main Methods:

  • A case study approach was employed, focusing on a 6-year-old Urdu-Cantonese multilingual child.
  • Seven age- and grade-matched multilingual children served as controls.
  • Assessments were conducted remotely via Zoom using Urdu versions of the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery, including the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN), Crosslinguistic Lexical Task (LITMUS-CLT), Crosslinguistic Nonword Repetition Test (LITMUS-CL-NWR), and Sentence Repetition Task (LITMUS-SRep).

Main Results:

  • The case study participant scored significantly lower on LITMUS assessments in her best/first language (Urdu) compared to her peers.
  • The presence of negative functional impact and poor prognostic indicators, alongside the absence of biomedical conditions, supported the DLD diagnosis.
  • The findings align with the CATALISE diagnostic criteria for identifying DLD.

Conclusions:

  • This approach, utilizing telepractice and the LITMUS battery, shows promise for collecting reference data and identifying DLD in multilingual children.
  • The online LITMUS assessment tools can be adapted to support the identification of DLD across various target languages.
  • Telepractice facilitates accessible and effective language assessment for diverse pediatric populations.