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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

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Underground hydrogen storage: The techno-economic perspective.

Eleni Gianni1, Pavlos Tyrologou1, Nazaré Couto2

  • 1Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Athens, 15125, Greece.

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|May 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Governments are exploring green hydrogen for decarbonization, with underground storage being key. Porous media like depleted reservoirs and aquifers are the most cost-effective options for storing this clean fuel.

Keywords:
economic requirementsenergy transitionporous mediarock cavitiestechnical parametersunderground hydrogen storage

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Area of Science:

  • Energy Policy
  • Geological Engineering
  • Sustainable Fuels

Background:

  • Global energy policies, including the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal, necessitate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Green hydrogen is recognized as a clean fuel, driving increased investment in its production and storage infrastructure.
  • Effective hydrogen storage is crucial for integrating renewable energy sources and achieving decarbonization goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the techno-economical feasibility of various underground hydrogen storage technologies.
  • To identify the most economically attractive geological environments for large-scale hydrogen storage.
  • To highlight the role of data analytics and machine learning in advancing geological storage knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Review and techno-economical appraisal of underground hydrogen storage options.
  • Classification of geological storage environments into porous media (depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, aquifers) and rock cavities (hard rock caverns, salt caverns, abandoned mines).
  • Analysis of technological requirements and capital costs associated with different storage methods.

Main Results:

  • Porous media present the most economically attractive option for underground hydrogen storage.
  • Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are highly favored due to omitted site characterization and cavern mining.
  • Aquifers offer a simpler construction alternative, making them a strong secondary option.

Conclusions:

  • Underground storage in porous geological formations is a viable and cost-effective strategy for green hydrogen.
  • Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers are the most promising sites for future hydrogen storage infrastructure.
  • Further research utilizing data analytics and machine learning can optimize geological hydrogen storage technologies.