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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs01:23

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Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
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Heritability01:06

Heritability

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Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid
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Environment by environment interactions (ExE) differ across genetic backgrounds (ExExG).

Kara Schmidlin1,2, C Brandon Ogbunugafor3,4, Sastokas Alexander1,2

  • 1Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 20, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environment-by-environment interactions significantly impact phenotypes and vary by genotype. Even minor genetic changes can lead to substantial differences in drug interactions, highlighting the importance of environment-by-environment-by-genotype interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Quantitative Genetics

Background:

  • Gene-by-gene (GxG) and gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions are well-established concepts.
  • Environment-by-environment (ExE) interactions are less frequently studied but play a role in phenotypic variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the significance of ExE interactions and their dependence on genetic background (ExExG).
  • To analyze drug interactions in yeast mutants and their impact on antifungal drug effectiveness.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a dataset comprising approximately 1,000 mutant yeast strains.
  • Assessment of drug resistance profiles across varying antifungal drug combinations.

Main Results:

  • ExE interactions were found to be a significant driver of phenotypes.
  • The relative effectiveness of drug combinations varied considerably across different drug-resistant mutants.
  • Even single nucleotide changes in genotype led to distinct ExE interactions.
  • A novel framework was developed to predict ExE interactions more accurately.

Conclusions:

  • ExExG interactions are crucial for understanding microbial evolution and cell biology.
  • These interactions contribute significantly to phenotypic variance within populations.
  • Further research into ExExG interactions is recommended for evolutionary and population genetics.