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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
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A 3D approach to understanding heterogeneity in early developing autisms.

Veronica Mandelli, Ines Severino, Lisa Eyler

    Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
    |May 20, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Autism can be classified into two types, Type I and Type II, based on early language, intellectual, motor, and adaptive functioning (LIMA) features. This distinction shows differences in development, neuroimaging, and genetics.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Autism diagnosis currently uses a single label, overlooking significant phenotypic heterogeneity.
    • Subtyping autism based on early functioning (LIMA) may reveal distinct developmental trajectories and biological underpinnings.

    Approach:

    • Utilized a large dataset (n=615) of early childhood (24-68 months) standardized clinical test data.
    • Applied stability-based relative cluster validation to identify distinct autism subtypes.
    • Achieved high generalization accuracy (98%) in cluster identification.

    Key Points:

    • Identified two robust and replicable autism clusters: Type I (high LIMA scores) and Type II (low LIMA scores).
    • These subtypes exhibit different developmental trajectories throughout the first decade of life.
    • Type I and Type II autism show distinct functional and structural neuroimaging phenotypes and gene expression relationships.

    Conclusions:

    • Stratifying autism into Type I and Type II based on LIMA features is crucial.
    • This classification holds significant prognostic and biological importance for understanding autism heterogeneity.