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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Hypoparathyroidism update.

Cherie Chiang1,2

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|May 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hypoparathyroidism (hypoPTH) is linked to fractures and poor quality of life. New PTH replacement therapies show promise for improving patient outcomes and managing this complex endocrine disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Chronic hypoparathyroidism (hypoPTH) presents ongoing challenges in management.
  • Advances in understanding its causes, complications, and treatments necessitate updated clinical guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings and their implications for adult chronic hypoparathyroidism patient care.
  • To highlight new developments since the 2022 Hypoparathyroidism Guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on hypoparathyroidism.
  • Analysis of retrospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Main Results:

  • Postsurgical hypoparathyroidism is common; immune-related hypoPTH is emerging.
  • HypoPTH patients showed lower fracture risk, but hypercalciuria increases renal calculi risk.
  • PTH replacement improved quality of life, bone turnover markers, and renal calcium excretion.

Conclusions:

  • HypoPTH is a chronic condition with significant morbidity and impaired quality of life.
  • Effective management requires awareness of treatment targets and follow-up.
  • Novel long-acting PTH replacement strategies offer potential alternatives for difficult-to-treat patients.