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Related Concept Videos

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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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Ventilators are essential medical equipment used to aid patients with respiratory difficulties. Their primary function is to assist or replace spontaneous breathing by providing mechanical ventilation. There are two general classes of mechanical ventilators: negative-pressure and positive-pressure ventilators.
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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Surfactant Depletion Combined with Injurious Ventilation Results in a Reproducible Model of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS
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Ventilator-induced Lung Injury Promotes Inflammation within the Pleural Cavity.

Rhianna F Baldi1, Marissa W Koh1, Chubicka Thomas1

  • 1Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
|May 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical ventilation can cause inflammation in the pleural space, not just the lungs. This finding highlights the pleural cavity as a potential source of inflammation and a target for critical care interventions.

Keywords:
acute respiratory distress syndromeanimal modelmechanical ventilationmesotheliumpleural cavity

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Pulmonary Inflammation
  • Mechanical Ventilation Research

Background:

  • Mechanical ventilation is linked to patient morbidity and mortality, often via inflammation.
  • The pleural cavity's role as an inflammatory source during ventilation is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pleural cavity as a novel inflammatory site during ventilator-induced lung injury.
  • To explore the mechanisms and consequences of pleural inflammation induced by mechanical ventilation.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were subjected to low or high tidal volume ventilation.
  • Cytokine and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural fluid were measured.
  • Pleural macrophage activation, purinergic signaling, and protein translocation were assessed.

Main Results:

  • High tidal volume ventilation increased pleural inflammation, cytokine, and protein levels.
  • Injurious ventilation activated pleural macrophages and induced extracellular vesicle release.
  • Protein rapidly translocated from the pleural cavity to circulation during high tidal volume ventilation.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical ventilation induces pleural cavity inflammation via purinergic signaling.
  • The pleural space may contribute to systemic inflammation and serve as a therapeutic target in critical care.