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Average Velocity

Average Velocity

To calculate the other physical quantities in kinematics, we must introduce the time variable. The time variable allows us not only to state the position of the object during its motion, but also how fast it is moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position xi, we assign a particular time ti. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity. This...

Power Expended by a Constant Force

Power Expended by a Constant Force

The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may have the same velocity when they reach the finish line, therefore doing the same amount of work, but the winner does it in the least amount of time. Thus, power is defined as the rate of doing work. Since work can vary as a function of time, the average power is defined as the work done during a time interval, divided by the time interval.

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...

Impact Loading

Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
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Velocity of an Object

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Understanding how an object moves along a path requires distinguishing between motion over a time span and motion at a precise moment. A useful example is a vehicle traveling along a straight and level path, where its position at any given time is known. The initial step in analyzing this motion is to measure how far the vehicle travels over a fixed time period. This measurement, called average velocity, is computed by dividing the total change in position by the duration over which the change...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Published on: September 17, 2013

Hexagonal Barbell Deadlift One-repetition Maximum Estimation Using Velocity Recordings.

Danica Janicijevic^1,2, Deniz Senturk³, Zeki Akyildiz⁴

¹Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.

International Journal of Sports Medicine

|May 20, 2024

Summary

The optimal minimal velocity threshold (MVT) accurately estimates one-repetition maximum (1RM) in hexagonal barbell deadlifts, performing similarly to general and individual MVTs for resistance-trained males.

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Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

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Published on: May 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Exercise Physiology
Sports Science

Background:

Estimating one-repetition maximum (1RM) is crucial for designing resistance training programs.
Velocity-based training (VBT) utilizes the relationship between movement velocity and external load to predict 1RM.
Minimal Velocity Threshold (MVT) is a key parameter in VBT, but its optimal application requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the precision of optimal, general, and individual minimal velocity thresholds (MVTs) for estimating 1RM in the hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD).
To evaluate the accuracy of 1RM predictions using different load-velocity relationships and final tested loads.

Main Methods:

Twenty-seven resistance-trained males performed hexagonal barbell deadlifts (HBD) under various loading conditions.
One-repetition maximum (1RM) was predicted using three MVTs: general (0.25 m·s⁻¹), individual (actual 1RM velocity), and optimal (derived to minimize prediction error).
Individual load-velocity relationships were modeled using five or six loading conditions (30-90% 1RM).

Main Results:

All tested MVTs demonstrated negligible differences and low absolute errors (<5%) compared to actual 1RM.
Extremely high correlations (r > 0.90) were found between actual and predicted 1RMs across all conditions.
The 90% 1RM loading condition showed significantly lower raw errors than the 80% 1RM condition.

Conclusions:

The individual load-velocity relationship provides accurate 1RM estimations for the HBD in resistance-trained males.
Similar precision in 1RM estimation can be achieved using general, individual, or optimal MVTs.
The choice of final tested load (80% or 90% 1RM) does not significantly impact the precision of 1RM estimation when using an individual load-velocity relationship.