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Updated: May 21, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Load-velocity relationship during chain-based variable resistance in the smith machine back squat.

Zhuorong Huang1, Jie Li2, Zhaoqian Li3

  • 1School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.

BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Velocity-based training (VBT) can monitor chain-based resistance training intensity. Greater chain load increases movement velocity at heavy loads, enhancing predicted one-repetition maximum (1RM) but requiring specific calibration for VBT use.

Keywords:
KinematicMonitoringTraining intensityVelocity-based training

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Strength and Conditioning

Background:

  • Velocity-based training (VBT) is established for constant resistance training.
  • Its application to chain-based variable resistance training remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how varying chain resistance affects VBT metrics.
  • To determine the influence of chain load magnitude on velocity-based intensity monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-four men performed Smith machine back squats with 0%, 20%, and 60% chain load.
  • Mean concentric velocity (MV) was measured at various percentages of one-repetition maximum (1RM).
  • Four sets to failure were performed at 70% of 1RM in a subset of participants.

Main Results:

  • Load-MV relationships remained highly linear across all chain configurations.
  • Higher chain proportions increased MV at 75% and 90% of 1RM.
  • Predicted 1RM increased with higher chain loads, while MV decreased at submaximal loads.

Conclusions:

  • The linear load-MV relationship supports VBT for variable resistance training.
  • %1RM-MV relationships are configuration-specific and need tailored calibration.
  • This study provides a framework for VBT in chain-based training.