Reviewing neonicotinoid detection with electroanalytical methods

Neonicotinoids, as the fastest-growing class of insecticides, currently account for over 25% of the global pesticide market. Their effectiveness in controlling a wide range of pests that pose a threat to croplands, home yards/gardens, and golf course greens cannot be denied. However, the extensive use of neonicotinoids has resulted in significant declines in nontarget organisms such as pollinators, insects, and birds. Furthermore, the potential chronic, sublethal effects of these compounds on human health remain largely unknown. To address these pressing issues, it is crucial to explore and understand the capabilities of electrochemical sensors in detecting neonicotinoid residues. Surprisingly, despite the increasing importance of this topic, no comprehensive review article currently exists in the literature. Therefore, our proposed review aims to bridge this gap by providing a thorough analysis of the use of electrochemical methods for neonicotinoid determination. In this review article, we will delve into various aspects of electrochemical analysis, including the influence of electrode materials, employed techniques, and the different types of electrode mechanisms utilized. By synthesizing and analysing the existing research in this field, our review will offer valuable insights and guidance to researchers, scientists, and policymakers alike.