Synthesis of low-cost multi-element Pt-based alloy nanoparticles as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

Due to their high catalytic activity, stability, and economic benefits, Pt-based multi-element alloyed nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising electrodes for oxygen reduction reactions. However, a synthesis method capable of controlling the reduction reaction of elements with different redox potentials to synthesize multimetallic alloy NPs is yet to be developed. In this study, monodisperse NiPtPd alloy NPs with varying compositions were synthesized using 1-heptanol as a reducing solvent. The selection of low-reducing noble metal precursors and complexing agents is done strategically to adjust the reduction time of metal ions. The spectroscopic results confirmed that olelylamine (OAm) preferentially coordinates with Pt ions, while trioctylphosphine (TOP) preferentially coordinates with Pd ions. Consequently, control of the elemental distribution within the particle is successfully achieved by adjusting the OAm/Pt and TOP/Pd molar ratios. Subsequently, Ni₇₈Pt₁₁Pd₁₁ alloy NPs were designed, and their catalytic properties as electrodes in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were examined. Despite a low noble metal content of 22%, the catalytic performance and stability were superior to and comparable to those of commercial Pt NPs, respectively.