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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective
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Brain Engagement During a Cognitive Flexibility Task Relates to Academic Performance in English Learners.

Tehila Nugiel1,2, Mackenzie E Mitchell2, Damion V Demeter3

  • 1Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Mind, Brain and Education : the Official Journal of the International Mind, Brain, and Education Society
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PubMed
Summary

Cognitive flexibility in English Learners (ELs) is crucial for academic success. Brain activity during cognitive flexibility tasks correlated with reading and math skills in Hispanic middle school ELs.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Education
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • English Learners (ELs) are an understudied student population in the U.S. facing unique educational challenges.
  • Cognitive flexibility, the ability to switch between tasks, is vital for ELs managing learning in a non-dominant language and accessing multilingual knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural basis of cognitive flexibility in adolescent English Learners.
  • To examine the relationship between brain activity during cognitive flexibility tasks and academic performance in ELs.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to measure brain activity.
  • The study included 63 Hispanic middle school English Learners.
  • Brain activity was correlated with out-of-scanner academic measures in reading and math.

Main Results:

  • Brain engagement during cognitive flexibility tasks was significantly associated with academic skills.
  • These associations were observed across multiple brain networks, including cognitive control, attention, and default mode networks.
  • Individual differences in brain activity during the task predicted educational outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive flexibility plays a significant role in the academic achievement of adolescent English Learners.
  • Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility are linked to real-world educational outcomes for ELs.
  • This research highlights the importance of supporting cognitive flexibility in educational settings for diverse student populations.