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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
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Principles of Drug Action01:24

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Drugs are chemical substances that modify biological responses by interacting with macromolecular targets such as receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes. Pharmacodynamics describes the course of action of drugs leading to the physiological effect at a specific site in the body.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

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Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
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Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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COVID-19 therapeutics.

Daniele Focosi1, Massimo Franchini2, Fabrizio Maggi3

  • 1North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|May 21, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines COVID-19 antiviral therapies, including their efficacy, safety, and mechanisms. It highlights ongoing challenges in treatment selection for high-risk patients and funding for new drug development.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2antiviral therapiesconvalescent plasmamonoclonal antibodiessmall-molecule antivirals

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology
  • Virology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated rapid development of antiviral therapies.
  • Current treatment options face challenges due to viral evolution and controversial efficacy.
  • Uncertainty remains regarding optimal therapies for high-risk individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and safety of COVID-19 antiviral therapies.
  • To summarize evidence from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of these antivirals.
  • To discuss unmet needs in COVID-19 antiviral drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of COVID-19 antiviral therapies.
  • Analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and safety profiles.

Main Results:

  • Multiple antiviral agents have been studied, with varying degrees of efficacy and safety.
  • Viral evolution poses a significant challenge to treatment effectiveness.
  • The drug pipeline faces funding shortages and development fatigue.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to optimize COVID-19 treatment strategies, especially for high-risk populations.
  • Addressing unmet needs in antiviral development is crucial for future pandemic preparedness.
  • Continued evaluation of existing and novel antivirals is essential.