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Updated: Aug 14, 2026
Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Midterm Outcomes of Surgical Reconstruction and Spontaneous Recovery of Upper-Extremity Paralysis Following Acute
Kazuteru Doi1, Yasunori Hattori1, Sotetsu Sakamoto1
1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ogori Daiichi General Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan.
Background:
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a disabling, poliomyelitis-like illness that mainly affects children. Although various surgical interventions are performed for intractable paralysis due to AFM, the timing of surgery and its long-term outcomes have yet to be established, especially for shoulder reconstruction. This study aimed to analyze the midterm outcomes of nonsurgically and surgically treated upper-extremity AFM and the factors influencing shoulder functional outcomes after surgical reconstruction.
Methods:
We retrospectively examined 39 patients with AFM in 50 upper extremities between 2011 and 2019. The degree of spontaneous recovery of completely paralyzed muscles was evaluated at a median of 3, 6, and 37 months after the onset of paralysis. Twenty-seven patients with 29 extremities underwent surgery involving nerve transfer, muscle-tendon transfer, or free muscle transfer for shoulder, elbow, and hand reconstruction.
Results:
Patients with complete paralysis of shoulder abduction at 6 months did not show later recovery. Twenty-two patients with 24 extremities underwent shoulder surgery, and all but 1 were followed for at least 24 months after surgery. Although postoperative shoulder abduction recovery was similar between transfer of the spinal accessory nerve and of the contralateral C7 nerve root to the suprascapular nerve, the outcomes obtained with spinal accessory nerve transfer had more variability, likely related to latent spinal accessory nerve paralysis, shoulder instability related to pectoralis major paralysis, and the type of paralysis. Shoulder abduction recovery was also greatly affected by scapulothoracic joint movement. In contrast, the outcomes of the elbow flexion and hand reconstructions were more consistent and acceptable.
Conclusions:
All patients had loss of shoulder abduction, and restoration of shoulder function was less predictable and depended on the quality of the donor nerves and recovery of the synergistic muscles. Strict donor nerve selection and additional nerve transfer for shoulder reconstruction are imperative for satisfactory outcomes.
Level Of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
