A systematic study of solvation structure of asymmetric lithium salts in water

Aqueous electrolytes are promising in large-scale energy storage applications due to intrinsic low toxicity, non-flammability, high ion conductivity, and low cost. However, pure water's narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) limits the energy density of aqueous rechargeable batteries. Water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSE) proposal has expanded the ESW to over 3 V by changing electrolyte solvation structure. The limited solubility and WIS electrolyte crystallization have been persistent concerns for imide-based lithium salts. Asymmetric lithium salts compensate for the above flaws. However, studying the solvation structure of asymmetric salt aqueous electrolytes is rare. Here, we applied small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and Raman spectroscope to reveal the solvation structure of imide-based asymmetric lithium salts. The SAXS spectra show the blue shifts of the lowerqpeak with decreased intensity as the increasing of concentration, indicating a decrease in the average distance between solvated anions. Significantly, an exponential decrease in the d-spacing as a function of concentration was observed. In addition, we also applied the Raman spectroscopy technique to study the evolutions of solvent-separated ion pairs (SSIPs), contacted ion pairs (CIPs), and aggregate ions (AGGs) in the solvation structure of asymmetric salt solutions.