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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Comparing Methods to Genetically Engineer Bacteriophage and Increase Host Range.

Christopher J Kovacs1,2, Alessia Antonacci1, Abigail Graham1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Novel bacteriophage (phage) engineering methods are crucial for combating antibiotic resistance in military medicine. The CRISPR-Cas system offers an efficient and rapid approach for modifying phage genomes, making it ideal for military applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bioengineering
  • Military Medicine

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat in military settings, exacerbated by conflict-related healthcare disruptions.
  • Bacteriophages (phages) offer a specific and potentially field-deployable alternative to traditional antibiotics.
  • Developing effective phage therapies requires efficient genome engineering techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and compare four bacteriophage genome engineering methods.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and applicability of these methods for military medical use.
  • To identify the most suitable phage engineering technique for addressing antimicrobial resistance in the military.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted.
  • Searched databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder.
  • Analyzed four phage genome engineering techniques: homologous recombination, in vivo recombineering, bacteriophage recombineering of electroporated DNA, and CRISPR-Cas.

Main Results:

  • 52 studies met the inclusion criteria.
  • Success rates and fidelity varied among the analyzed techniques.
  • CRISPR-Cas demonstrated high efficiency and a streamlined process compared to other methods.

Conclusions:

  • Phage engineering techniques differ in effort and success rates.
  • CRISPR-Cas-facilitated phage genome modification is highly efficient.
  • The CRISPR-Cas system is the most promising method for military medical applications due to its speed and efficiency.