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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Synergetic Dual-Additive Electrolyte Enables Highly Stable Performance in Sodium Metal Batteries.

Phung M L Le1,2, Thanh D Vo1,3, Kha M Le1

  • 1Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dual additives sulfolane (Sul) and vinylene carbonate (VC) significantly enhance sodium-metal battery (SMB) stability. This breakthrough prevents dendrite growth and extends cycle life for large-scale energy storage applications.

Keywords:
electrolyte additiveshigh‐rate cyclingsodium metal batteriessolid electrolyte interphasesolvation structure

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-metal batteries (SMBs) offer high theoretical capacity and abundant sodium resources, making them promising for large-scale energy storage.
  • Limited electrolyte stability and dendrite growth remain significant challenges hindering SMB commercialization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify effective electrolyte additives for stabilizing propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes in SMBs.
  • To improve the cycling stability and lifespan of SMBs by preventing dendrite formation and enhancing interfacial properties.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the use of sulfolane (Sul) and vinylene carbonate (VC) as dual additives in PC-based electrolytes for SMBs.
  • Evaluated the electrochemical performance of Na/NaNi0.68Mn0.22Co0.1O2 (NaNMC) cells with the dual-additive electrolyte under high cycling rates.
  • Analyzed the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) composition and morphology on both anode and cathode.

Main Results:

  • The dual-additive electrolyte significantly enhanced cycling stability, achieving 94% capacity retention over 600 cycles at 5 C (750 mA g-1).
  • Coulombic efficiency (CE) reached 99.9%, indicating minimal side reactions and efficient sodium ion transport.
  • A homogenous, dense, and thin hybrid SEI layer, rich in F- and S-containing species, formed on electrode surfaces, facilitating ion transport and preventing electrolyte depletion.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfolane and vinylene carbonate act as effective dual additives, crucial for stabilizing PC-based electrolytes in SMBs.
  • The formation of a protective hybrid SEI layer is key to the superior cycling performance and extended lifespan of SMBs.
  • This electrolyte design holds significant potential for advancing the performance and practical application of high-rate sodium-metal batteries.