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Fates of Pyruvate

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

Simultaneous fermentation and enzymatic biocatalysis-a useful process option?

Katharina Oehlenschläger¹, Emily Schepp², Judith Stiefelmaier¹

¹Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.

Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts

|May 25, 2024

Summary

Combining enzymatic biotransformation and whole-cell biocatalysis in one-pot processes offers efficiency gains. This approach optimizes performance by integrating separate steps, overcoming challenges like high sugar concentrations.

Keywords:

Biofuel Butyl butyrate Coupling fermentation and enzymatic biocatalysis Enzymatic biocatalysis Enzymatic esterification Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

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GENPLAT: an Automated Platform for Biomass Enzyme Discovery and Cocktail Optimization

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Published on: October 24, 2011

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Biocatalysis
Industrial Microbiology

Background:

Enzymatic biotransformation and de novo synthesis using whole-cell biocatalysts have distinct advantages.
Simultaneous one-pot processes integrate these methods for enhanced performance.
This integrated approach is established in biorefineries for efficient substrate utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent developments and variations in coupled bioconversion and enzymatic catalysis.
To highlight the advantages of combining microbial conversion and enzymatic biotransformation.
To discuss the challenges and potential applications of these integrated processes.

Main Methods:

Simultaneous one-pot bioconversion and enzymatic catalysis.
Application in biorefineries for degradation of starchy or cellulosic materials.
Integration of microbial cultivation with enzymatic degradation.

Main Results:

Achieves optimal process performance by combining enzymatic and whole-cell catalysis.
Reduces process time and equipment requirements.
Mitigates inhibition and side reactions associated with high sugar concentrations.

Conclusions:

Coupled microbial conversion and enzymatic biotransformation offer significant benefits.
These integrated processes can be applied beyond biorefineries, including biofuel and food industries.
Balancing the requirements of different processes remains a key challenge.