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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Phased ERK-responsiveness and developmental robustness regulate teleost skin morphogenesis.

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    Zebrafish embryonic skin grows via oriented cell divisions, not basal cell addition. ERK signaling controls proliferation and cell size, showing developmental robustness even when cell division is blocked.

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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental biology
    • Cell biology
    • Zebrafish models

    Background:

    • Vertebrate embryonic axis elongation requires epidermal expansion.
    • The periderm, or outermost epidermis layer, must grow to accommodate underlying tissue development.

    Approach:

    • Developed a toolkit for live visualization and quantification of signaling in zebrafish periderm cell populations.
    • Utilized a live biosensor to measure ERK activity, a key MAPK pathway effector.
    • Employed optogenetics to manipulate ERK activity and study proliferation dynamics.

    Key Points:

    • Early periderm growth during axial elongation is driven by oriented cell divisions, not basal cell addition.
    • ERK activity predicts cell cycle entry and controls proliferation, with optogenetic activation demonstrating its regulatory role.
    • Later in development, ERK signaling shifts from promoting proliferation to driving hypertrophic cell growth.

    Conclusions:

    • Zebrafish periderm exhibits stage-dependent responsiveness to ERK signaling.
    • Blocking cell division results in enlarged periderm cells but does not impede adult development, indicating significant developmental robustness in teleost skin growth.