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What Is in a Plan? Using Natural Language Processing to Read 461 California City General Plans.

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Area of Science:

  • Urban Planning
  • Computational Social Science
  • Geographic Information Systems

Background:

  • Land-use planning is decentralized and complex, making cross-plan analysis difficult for researchers and agencies.
  • Current methods for assessing planning documents are time-consuming and lack scalability.
  • There is a need for automated methods to analyze and compare large volumes of planning documents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Natural Language Processing (NLP) for automated qualitative coding in planning research.
  • To provide policy-relevant insights from a comprehensive analysis of California's General Plans.
  • To develop a scalable and comparable database of city-level planning documents.

Main Methods:

  • Assembled a database of 461 California city General Plans.
  • Utilized topic modeling to identify key themes and areas of emphasis within the plans.
  • Spatialized the results to identify regional variations in planning topics.
  • Quantified the overlap and divergence between different planning topics.

Main Results:

  • Identified over sixty distinct topics within California city General Plans, including climate action and greenhouse gas mitigation.
  • Found that approximately 25% of planning topics exhibit regional specificity.
  • Observed minimal overlap between housing-focused topics and other planning areas, potentially due to mandated Housing Element updates.
  • Revealed that many cities addressed environmental justice and health/wellness topics prior to state mandates.

Conclusions:

  • NLP and topic modeling offer an effective approach for large-scale analysis and comparison of planning documents.
  • Housing planning topics are increasingly diverging from other planning domains, with policy implications.
  • California cities have proactively addressed environmental justice, demonstrating early adoption of key planning principles.
  • The developed database and methodology provide a model for national planning research and policy assessment.