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Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
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Characteristics of Dry Friction01:21

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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
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One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
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Rolling with slipping is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a rolling object experiences both rotational and linear motion but also experiences frictional forces that cause slipping. This phenomenon can occur in various situations, such as when a tire rolls on a wet road or a ball rolls on a rough surface.
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When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
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Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation
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Hardness Perceived When Sliding Over Roughened Surfaces.

Qingyu Sun, Shogo Okamoto, Hongbo Wang

    IEEE Transactions on Haptics
    |May 27, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Surface texture significantly impacts perceived material hardness. Roughened surfaces with gratings feel harder than smooth ones, influencing tactile perception and material design.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Psychophysics

    Background:

    • Perceived material properties, such as hardness, are crucial for user interaction.
    • Surface topography is known to influence tactile perception, but its specific effect on perceived hardness requires further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how surface roughness, specifically microscopic rectangular gratings, affects the perceived hardness of 3D-printed materials.
    • To determine the individual and interactive contributions of surface pattern and mechanical properties (Young's modulus) to perceived hardness.

    Main Methods:

    • Thirteen participants evaluated the perceived hardness of ten 3D-printed specimens using a visual analog scale.
    • Specimens varied in surface features (flat/smooth vs. gratings) and material (Young's moduli of 2.46 and 9.35 MPa).
    • Fingertip sliding was used to assess tactile perception.

    Main Results:

    • Both surface pattern and mechanical hardness significantly influenced perceived hardness independently.
    • Roughened surfaces with gratings were perceived as harder than smooth surfaces of the same material.
    • Groove width and periodic surface wavelength of the gratings were significant factors in perceived hardness.

    Conclusions:

    • Surface design, particularly the presence and parameters of gratings, can alter perceived material hardness.
    • Friction generated by surface roughness is a potential mechanism mediating this effect.
    • Findings offer insights for designing materials with manipulated softness perception.