Sound attenuation at low to mid frequencies in low velocity seabottoms

Attenuation is the most difficult seafloor acoustic property to get, particularly at low to mid frequencies. For low velocity bottoms (LVB), it becomes even more challenging, due to its small attenuation and lower velocity (relative to the velocity of the adjacent water). The latter one causes a fatal "seafloor velocity-attenuation couplings" in geo-acoustic inversions. Thus, attenuation inversions for the LVB require an accurate seafloor velocity profile, especially the velocity in the LVB layer. The propagation of explosive sound in the Yellow Sea with a strong thermocline and a top LVB layer exhibits many prominent characteristics: modal dispersion (the ground wave, water wave, Airy phase), two groups of water waves at high frequencies, and the siphon effect which causes abnormally large sound transmission loss at selected frequencies, etc. These observations are used to precisely measure the critical frequency, the Airy frequency, Airy wave velocity, 1st mode group velocity, and to derive the velocities in the LVB layer and in the basement. Using inverted seafloor parameters, the source level-normalized transmission loss and the first mode decay rate in ranges up to 27.66 km, the sound attenuations in the LVB are derived for a frequency range of 13-5000 Hz.