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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Small molecules that regulate the N6-methyladenosine RNA modification as potential anti-cancer agents.

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Epitranscriptomics research reveals that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications and their regulatory proteins are crucial in cancer. Targeting these m6A proteins offers promising new avenues for anti-cancer drug development.

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Area of Science:

  • Epitranscriptomics
  • Cancer Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Epitranscriptomics studies post-translational RNA modifications.
  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA modification.
  • m6A is vital for RNA regulation and implicated in diseases like cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of m6A-regulating proteins in cancer.
  • To discuss current small molecule therapeutics targeting these proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of m6A regulatory proteins.
  • Analysis of their roles in cancer initiation and progression.
  • Survey of existing small molecule therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • m6A modification is regulated by writers, erasers, and readers.
  • These regulatory proteins are implicated in cancer development.
  • Many m6A proteins are potential targets for anti-cancer therapies.

Conclusions:

  • m6A regulatory proteins are key players in cancer.
  • Targeting these proteins with small molecules is a developing therapeutic strategy.