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Updated: Jul 18, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
Published on: December 1, 2013
Epigenetic changes associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment in bladder cancer
Lucy C Picard1, Fenella J Rich1, Diane N Kenwright1
1University of Otago, Wellington, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
Abstract:
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is an established immunotherapeutic, however, a significant portion of patients do not respond to treatment. Despite extensive research into the therapeutic mechanism of BCG, gaps remain in our understanding. This review specifically focuses on the epigenomic contributions in the immune microenvironment, in the context of BCG treatment for NMIBC. We also summarise the current understanding of NMIBC epigenetic characteristics, and discuss how future targeted strategies for BCG therapy should incorporate epigenomic biomarkers in conjunction with genomic biomarkers.
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