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Related Concept Videos

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What Are Outliers?

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Outliers are observed data points that are far from the least squares line. They have unusual values and need to be examined carefully. Though an outlier may result from erroneous data, at other times, it may hold valuable information about the population under study and should be included in the data. Hence, it is crucial to examine what causes a data point to be an outlier.
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Unusual Results01:16

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Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
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Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
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Outliers and Influential Points01:08

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An outlier is an observation of data that does not fit the rest of the data. It is sometimes called an extreme value. When you graph an outlier, it will appear not to fit the pattern of the graph. Some outliers are due to mistakes (for example, writing down 50 instead of 500), while others may indicate that something unusual is happening. Outliers are present far from the least squares line in the vertical direction. They have large "errors," where the "error" or residual is the...
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Sometimes, a data set can have a recorded numerical observation that greatly  deviates from the rest of the data. Assuming that the data is normally distributed, a statistical method called the Grubbs test can be used to determine whether the observation is truly an outlier.  To perform a two-tailed Grubbs test, first, calculate the absolute difference between the outlier and the mean. Then, calculate the ratio between this difference and the standard deviation of the sample. This...
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A standard box and whisker plot informs us about the spread of the data in a given sample. One can identify the minimum value, maximum value, first quartile value, second quartile or median value, and third quartile.
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Multivariate extremes in lakes.

R Iestyn Woolway1, Yan Tong2, Lian Feng2

  • 1School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, Wales, UK. iestyn.woolway@bangor.ac.uk.

Nature Communications
|May 29, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many lakes face increasing extreme conditions like algal blooms, heatwaves, and low water levels. This study found 75% of lakes experienced at least two concurrent extremes, highlighting a growing threat to lake health.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Limnology
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Extreme within-lake conditions pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems.
  • Understanding the co-occurrence and trends of multiple lake extremes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variation in multiple lake extreme events, including algal blooms, lake heatwaves, and low lake levels, across 2724 lakes since the 1980s.
  • To identify regions experiencing concurrent increases in these extremes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized satellite observations to analyze trends in algal blooms, lake heatwaves, and low lake levels.
  • Focused analysis on bloom-affected lakes to assess the frequency of concurrent extreme events.

Main Results:

  • 75% of studied lakes showed a concurrent increase in at least two extreme types (27% a notable increase).
  • 25% of lakes experienced an increased frequency of all three extremes (5% a notable increase).
  • Greatest increases were observed in regions with rising agricultural fertilizer use, lake warming, and declining water availability.

Conclusions:

  • Lake extremes are becoming more frequent and often co-occur.
  • Future research must prioritize understanding the impacts of these combined extremes.
  • Careful consideration of lake extremes is essential for future environmental risk assessments.