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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Protein-Condensate Dynamics in Live Human Cells
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MYC phase separation selectively modulates the transcriptome.

Junjiao Yang1,2, Chan-I Chung1,2, Jessica Koach3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
|May 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MYCN (a transcription factor) can form condensates that regulate gene expression in cancer. While phase separation impacts key oncogenes and cell proliferation, most MYCN-regulated genes do not require this process for activation.

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Dysregulation of MYC transcription factors (TFs), including MYCN, is common in human cancers.
  • MYCN amplification in high-risk neuroblastoma leads to overexpression, driving cell proliferation.
  • The role of MYCN's phase separation in transcriptional regulation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase behavior of MYCN and its role in transcriptional regulation.
  • To determine if MYCN forms phase-separated condensates with transcriptional hallmarks.
  • To assess the impact of MYCN phase separation on gene activation and cell proliferation.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of MYCN's phase behavior.
  • Utilizing a chemogenetic tool to compare phase-separated and non-phase-separated conditions at equivalent MYCN levels.
  • Analysis of gene expression changes and cell proliferation rates.

Main Results:

  • MYCN forms dynamic condensates with transcriptional hallmarks.
  • Phase separation significantly impacts a small subset (<3%) of MYCN-regulated genes, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
  • MYCN phase separation enhances cell proliferation.
  • The majority (>97%) of MYCN-regulated genes are activated by soluble MYCN complexes.

Conclusions:

  • MYCN can form phase-separated condensates that contribute to cancer progression.
  • While phase separation influences specific key genes, soluble MYCN complexes are sufficient for most transcriptional activation.
  • Understanding MYCN's phase separation offers potential therapeutic targets for MYCN-driven cancers.