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Related Concept Videos

Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Morphological and Functional Assessment of the Right Ventricle Using 3D Echocardiography
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Left Ventricle Noncompaction Phenotype: Cause or Consequence?

Grazia Casavecchia1, Matteo Gravina1, Francesco Mautone1

  • 1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.

Journal of Cardiovascular Echography
|May 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a congenital heart condition. Speckle tracking echocardiography may help distinguish LVNC cardiomyopathy from LVNC due to severe remodeling in patients with heart failure.

Keywords:
Athletescardiomyopathyechocardiographyheart failureleft ventricular noncompactionpregnancyremodelingspeckle trackingstrainvalvulopathyventricular dysfunction

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a congenital cardiomyopathy defined by prominent myocardial trabeculae and deep intertrabecular recesses.
  • Clinical manifestations of LVNC range from asymptomatic cases to severe heart failure and complications.

Observation:

  • Diagnosis typically relies on two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
  • Strain parameters, though often reduced in LVNC, are not routinely assessed.

Findings:

  • A case report details a previously asymptomatic patient presenting with pulmonary edema, severe valvular heart disease, and left ventricular trabeculation.
  • Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) revealed only mild strain reduction despite significant left ventricular remodeling.

Implications:

  • This suggests STE may be a valuable tool for differentiating true LVNC cardiomyopathy from an LVNC phenotype secondary to severe cardiac remodeling.
  • Further research into STE's utility in LVNC diagnosis and characterization is warranted.