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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
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Thermochromic Vanadium Dioxide Nanostructures for Smart Windows and Radiative Cooling.

Jongwon Yoon1, Kwang-Seok Kim2, Woong-Ki Hong3

  • 1Energy & Environment Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51508, Republic of Korea.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a key material for energy-saving smart windows and radiative cooling (RC). Modulating VO2 performance through doping, thermal processing, and structural changes enhances its application potential.

Keywords:
nanostructuresphase transitionradiative coolingsmart windowvanadium dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Energy-saving materials and technologies are crucial for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions.
  • Thermochromic windows and radiative cooling (RC) offer passive building climate control solutions.
  • Vanadium dioxide (VO2) exhibits a thermochromic phase transition, making it suitable for smart windows and RC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthesis methods for VO2 nanostructures (nanoparticles and thin films).
  • To summarize modulation strategies for enhancing VO2 thermochromic and emissivity performance.
  • To present recent advances and challenges in VO2-based smart window and RC applications.

Main Methods:

  • Summary of various synthesis techniques for VO2 nanostructures.
  • Analysis of modulation strategies including doping, thermal processing, and structural manipulation.
  • Review of performance characterization for thermochromic and emissivity properties.

Main Results:

  • VO2 nanostructures can be synthesized via multiple methods, yielding nanoparticles and thin films.
  • Doping, thermal processing, and structural modifications effectively tune VO2's thermochromic and emissivity characteristics.
  • Optimized VO2 demonstrates significant potential for energy-efficient smart windows and passive radiative cooling.

Conclusions:

  • VO2 is a highly promising material for next-generation energy-saving building technologies.
  • Tailoring VO2 properties through synthesis and modulation is key to unlocking its full application potential.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges and advance VO2-based smart windows and RC systems.