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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Annotation and Comparative Genomics of Prokaryotic Transposable Elements.

Karen Ross1, Marcelo Marques Zerillo2, Mick Chandler3

  • 1Protein Information Resource, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TE) in bacteria are crucial for genome evolution, driving adaptation by carrying genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence. Studying bacterial TE provides fundamental insights into these mobile genetic elements across all life forms.

Keywords:
AdaptationBacterial fitnessGenome evolutionGenome plasticityRecombinationAntibiotic resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbial Genetics

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TE) are abundant in bacterial genomes, significantly influencing genome structure and gene expression.
  • Understanding bacterial TE transposition mechanisms is fundamental to comprehending TE across all domains of life.
  • Prokaryotic TEs carry genes conferring traits like antibiotic resistance, heavy metal resistance, and virulence factors, enhancing bacterial adaptability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prominent structural features of bacterial transposable elements.
  • To focus on a genomic annotation framework and comparative analysis of TEs.
  • To highlight the role of TEs in bacterial genome evolution, particularly in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and adaptive traits.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic annotation framework development.
  • Comparative analysis of bacterial transposable elements.
  • Review of transposition mechanisms and regulation in bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial TEs mediate DNA insertions/deletions, structural rearrangements, and gene expression regulation.
  • Insertion sequences (IS) are simple, autonomous mobile genetic elements.
  • Compound and unit transposons exhibit complex structures and specific genetic characteristics, including four major families (Tn3, Tn7, Tn402, Tn554).

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements are key drivers of bacterial genome plasticity and evolution.
  • Bacterial TEs play a critical role in the acquisition of adaptive traits, including antimicrobial resistance and virulence.
  • The study of bacterial TEs offers fundamental insights applicable to understanding mobile genetic elements in other organisms.