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Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...

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Characterizing Longitudinal Patterns in Cognition, Mood, And Activity in Depression With 6-Week High-Frequency

Francesca Cormack^1,2,3, Maggie McCue⁴, Caroline Skirrow^1,5

¹Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

JMIR Mental Health

|May 31, 2024

Summary

High-frequency cognitive assessments using wearable technology show promise for monitoring depression. Daily activity levels correlate with improved mood and faster learning, supporting the use of these tools for better patient care.

Keywords:

cognition depression digital biomarkers ecological momentary assessment mobile health remote testing

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Published on: January 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Digital Health
Neuroscience
Psychiatry

Background:

Cognitive symptoms are often overlooked and untreated in depression.
High-frequency cognitive assessment can enhance disease and treatment monitoring.
Previous research established feasibility of remote cognitive and mood assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

Examine longitudinal changes in mood, cognition, activity, and heart rate over 6 weeks.
Investigate diurnal and weekday variations in these measures.
Analyze the co-occurrence of fluctuations between mood, cognition, and activity.

Main Methods:

30 adults with mild-moderate depression used an Apple Watch for 6 weeks.
Daily assessments included n-back tasks (cognition), mood, step count (activity), and heart rate.
Nonlinear and multilevel models analyzed changes, variations, and covariation.

Main Results:

N-back performance improved initially, then plateaued around day 10.
Performance varied diurnally; activity levels varied weekly.
Higher activity correlated with faster cognitive learning and improved mood.

Conclusions:

High-frequency cognitive assessments via wearables are feasible and sensitive for depression monitoring.
Modeling individual learning plateaus can improve clinical relevance of cognitive data.
Wearable-assessed activity levels influence cognition and mood.