Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 3, 2026
Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models
Published on: December 23, 2025
Exploring Real-World Use of AI Chatbots for Mental Health Support: Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Sylvie Bernaerts1, Fien Buelens1, Nele A J De Witte1
1Psychology and technology, Centre of Expertise Care and Well-being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerpen, Belgium.
Background:
In recent years, innovations in generative AI, in particular large language models (LLMs) in the form of AI chatbots, have found their way to the general public. First studies indicate a growing prevalence of individuals talking to AI chatbots about mental health-related topics; yet, knowledge of how, why, and which individuals are using these AI chatbots for their mental health is limited.
Objective:
This study aimed to provide insights into the use of AI chatbot-delivered mental health support.
Methods:
To do so, an online survey in 2 Belgian samples was conducted. A student sample was collected, and individuals who used AI chatbots for mental health support were included (approximately 40% of the student sample were eligible users). Second, a recruitment call for users of AI chatbots for mental health support was launched in the general public. Data from 349 participants, 276 members of the general public, and 73 students were included in the analyses.
Results:
Descriptive analyses were used to report the use of AI chatbot-delivered mental health support. Most respondents in the present samples were women and indicated having received or receiving professional mental health support. The most common conversation topics across both samples focused on personal and interpersonal issues. Freely accessible AI chatbots, mainly ChatGPT, were the predominant choice in both samples and were mainly chosen for their constant availability and accessibility. Respondents in the student sample also preferred their anonymity, and those in the general sample also used them because they felt supported by them. The preliminary associations found between digital working alliance and engagement factors in the student sample and in the general sample suggest that relational factors might play a role in sustained AI chatbot use but warrant further investigation.
Conclusions:
To conclude, this study confirms that general-purpose AI chatbots that are not designed or regulated for mental health support, specifically ChatGPT, are being used to obtain social and emotional support, often by individuals already familiar with professional mental health support.