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Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

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Lightning deaths in three outdoor dogs: A case study.

Federica Pesce¹, Emanuela Sannino¹, Enza Ragosta¹

¹Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy.

Research in Veterinary Science

|May 31, 2024

Summary

Three outdoor German Shepherds died suddenly after a thunderstorm. This case report details the necropsy findings and potential causes of death in these dogs following severe weather exposure.

Keywords:

Dogs Forensic medicine Lichtenberg figures Lightning death Pathology

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Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

Veterinary Pathology
Canine Toxicology
Environmental Health

Background:

Sudden death in domestic animals can be challenging to diagnose.
Environmental stressors, such as thunderstorms, may precipitate fatal events in susceptible individuals.
German Shepherds are a popular breed often kept in outdoor environments.

Observation:

Three German Shepherd dogs were found deceased outdoors after experiencing a severe thunderstorm.
No pre-existing conditions were noted in the dogs prior to the event.
The dogs were housed in an outdoor enclosure during the storm.

Findings:

Necropsy revealed specific pathological changes potentially linked to the thunderstorm event.
Toxicological analysis did not identify common poisons.
Histopathological examination indicated potential cardiac or neurological compromise.

Implications:

This report highlights the potential risks of extreme weather events for outdoor pets.
Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms of thunderstorm-related mortality in dogs.
Veterinarians should consider environmental factors when diagnosing sudden death in canine patients.