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The Pathophysiology of Keratoconus.

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Keratoconus involves corneal structural defects and inflammation. Understanding these keratoconus pathophysiology factors is key for better clinical management and treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Corneal Disease Research
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disease causing vision loss.
  • Its underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood.
  • This review explores structural and inflammatory factors in keratoconus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex pathophysiology of keratoconus.
  • To investigate structural failures and inflammatory processes in keratoconus etiology and progression.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was performed.
  • Databases searched included PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Fifty-six relevant studies from 1970-2023 were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Keratoconus involves corneal structural failures: disrupted collagen lamellae, reduced collagen, decreased crosslinking, and altered enzyme activity.
  • Inflammatory processes are implicated, with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α) and increased keratocyte apoptosis.
  • Oxidative stress contributes to enzyme activation.

Conclusions:

  • Keratoconus is a multifactorial disease involving structural and inflammatory mechanisms.
  • Understanding these pathophysiological pathways is crucial for advancing clinical management and treatment strategies.