Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 3, 2026
08:35
Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding
Published on: February 26, 2015
18.9K
A finite element model for predicting impact-induced damage to a skin simulant
Syed A Imam1,2, Angus C Hughes3, Matt Carré3
1Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK. Adil.Imam@canterbury.ac.uk.
Scientific Reports
|June 4, 2024
Summary
This study developed a finite element model to assess rugby padding's effectiveness in preventing cuts and abrasions. The model accurately predicted skin damage from stud impacts, showing potential for injury prevention analysis.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Sports Engineering
- Injury Prevention
Background:
- Rugby players are susceptible to cuts and abrasions from stud impacts.
- Assessing the protective efficacy of body padding requires accurate injury prediction models.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a finite element model for predicting soft tissue damage from stud impacts.
- To evaluate the efficacy of rugby body padding in mitigating injury risk.
Main Methods:
- Developed a finite element model with an element deletion criterion based on maximum principal stress.
- Simulated concentrated impact loading (stud impact) on a soft tissue simulant at various energies and angles.
- Validated the model against experimental impact data, assessing force and time to tear.
Main Results:
- The finite element model successfully predicted the onset of damage in the soft tissue simulant.
- Model predictions showed less than 15% difference in force at tear and 30% in time to tear compared to experiments.
- The model demonstrated good validity across different impact energies (2, 4, and 6 J).
Conclusions:
- The developed finite element model is a viable tool for assessing rugby padding's efficacy against stud impacts.
- This damage modeling approach can be applied to evaluate other skin simulants and protective gear for injury prevention.
Related Concept Videos
01:14Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Model Components
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modeling is essential in drug development and clinical pharmacology. It provides a quantitative framework to predict drug behavior and response over time. This approach integrates pharmacokinetics (PK), which describes the drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, with pharmacodynamics (PD), which characterizes the drug’s biological effects and mechanisms of action.The disposition kinetics of a drug determine its plasma...
01:27Pharmacodynamic Models: Overview
Pharmacodynamic (PD) responses describe the interaction between a drug and its biological target, culminating in a physiological effect. These responses can be classified into different types: continuous variables, such as blood glucose levels; categorical outcomes, like survival rates; and time-to-event metrics, such as disease progression. Understanding and modeling PD responses are critical for optimizing drug efficacy and safety.PD models describe the relationship between drug concentration...
01:09Pharmacodynamic Models: Additive and Proportional Drug Effect Model
Drug response models describe how pharmacological agents interact with biological systems to produce measurable effects. Baseline responses are inherent physiological activities without a drug significantly influencing the observed pharmacological outcomes. Depending on the drug response model employed, these baseline responses may combine with the drug's effect in either an additive or proportional manner.Additive Drug Response ModelIn the additive model, the drug effect is independent of the...
01:29Pharmacodynamic Models: Direct Effect Model and Indirect Response Model
Pharmacodynamic models are essential tools in understanding the relationship between drug concentrations and their effects on biological systems. By characterizing the dynamics of drug action, these models guide dose selection, optimize therapeutic efficacy, and inform the development of new drugs. Two major classes of pharmacodynamic models include direct effect and indirect response models.Direct Effect ModelsDirect effect models describe the immediate relationship between drug concentration...
01:14Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model
The link model is a fundamental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) approach to account for delayed drug responses when the observed effect does not immediately correlate with the drug's plasma concentration peak. This delay is mathematically addressed by introducing an effect compartment concentration, Ce, which is kinetically linked to the plasma concentration, Cp, via a first-order rate constant, ke0. The linkage allows for a more accurate prediction of drug effects over time. A higher...
01:15Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions
PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).