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Should We Stop Using Lexical Diversity Measures in Children's Language Sample Analysis?

Nan Bernstein Ratner1, Youngjin Han2, Ji Seung Yang2

  • 1Hearing and Speech Sciences, Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
|June 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type-token ratio (TTR) and number of different words (NDW) are unreliable for assessing children's language skills. Vocabulary diversity (VocD) is more sensitive, but practical alternatives are needed for clinical use.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Lexical diversity indices like type-token ratio (TTR) are commonly used to analyze spoken language samples.
  • Previous research indicates TTR is susceptible to variations in sample size and elicitation methods.
  • Standardized prompts may improve the reliability of lexical diversity measures in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the sensitivity of different lexical diversity measures to child age and clinical status (typically developing vs. developmental language disorder).
  • To compare the psychometric properties of type-token ratio (TTR), number of different words/100 (NDW), and vocabulary diversity (VocD).
  • To identify reliable measures for assessing expressive vocabulary in children.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of archival data from 1,048 children aged 4-11 years (798 typically developing, 250 with developmental language disorder).
  • Examination of lexical diversity using TTR, NDW, and VocD derived from standardized narrative prompts.
  • Comparison of measure sensitivity to age and diagnostic group differences.

Main Results:

  • Type-token ratio (TTR) demonstrated low sensitivity to age and diagnostic group, risking misclassification.
  • Number of different words/100 (NDW) showed limited sensitivity to diagnostic grouping.
  • Vocabulary diversity (VocD) emerged as the most sensitive measure, outperforming TTR and NDW.
  • Other measures like mean length of utterance and verb density also showed good growth and diagnostic discrimination.

Conclusions:

  • Type-token ratio (TTR) is not recommended for clinical decision-making in children's language assessment.
  • Number of different words (NDW) offers no significant psychometric advantage over TTR.
  • Vocabulary diversity (VocD) is the most sensitive measure but requires computer-assisted analysis.
  • Alternative, practical methods are needed for appraising children's expressive vocabulary skills in clinical settings.